声明草案水生世界社会的人为气候变化|美国渔业协会BOB国际体育

BOB中国官方下载美国渔业BOB国际体育协会合作与全球其他水生科学团体作者“声明世界水生社会人类造成的气候变化。”这句话,将分发给媒体,强调主要科学发现有关气候变化对水生生态系统的影响。它还提供了推荐行动,科学发现的基础上,以避免进一步恶化。所有的发现在这个声明中受到同行评议的科学研究的支持。这类似于其他组织语句(美国地球物理联盟,从几十个国家国家科学学院)提供了继续公众和决策者对气候变化采取行动。我们在网站上提供了当前的声明草案对于那些希望看到它或评论。检查语句的任何需要主要的编辑或需要进一步增加和回复7月1日2020年。我们将只接受添加支持的同行评议参考[s]。

气候声明注释

亲爱的AFS成员,

BOB中国官方下载美国渔业BOB国际体育协会合作与全球其他水生科学团体作者声明水生世界社会的人类造成的气候变化。这个声明,将分发给媒体,强调主要科学发现有关气候变化对水生生态系统的影响。它还提供了推荐行动,科学发现的基础上,以避免进一步恶化。所有的发现在这个声明中受到同行评议的科学研究的支持。这类似于其他组织语句(美国地球物理联盟,从几十个国家国家科学学院)提供了继续公众和决策者对气候变化采取行动。

我们想在这个项目包括你。作为一个科学社会的成员关注水生生态系统,你提供最好的科学对公众和决策者对因素降低这些生态系统。你知道,除非迅速检查,气候变化将继续导致不可逆转的改变地球的水生生态系统,社会和经济。为了避免最糟糕的这些变化,我们必须继续强调科学说什么在这个问题上采取行动的紧迫性。世界应对Covid19流行显示了广泛的行动是可能的和有效的。

请看下面的草案。检查语句的任何需要主要的编辑或需要进一步增加。我们将只接受添加支持的同行评议参考[s]。另外,请不要觉得你必须添加编辑如果不是必要的。

我们快速时间轴上看到这句话流传,最终确定。因此,请为我们提供任何编辑你想包括在同行评议参考(s)支持的声明中使用上面的形式由7月1日2020年。

谢谢你的参与这一重要的倡议。科学证据表明,科学家说支持是至关重要的教育公众和科学发现纳入决策。

真诚地,

斯科特来临总统	布莱恩•墨菲当选总统	Leanne Roulson 第一副总统

杰西Trushenski 过去的总统	道格拉斯·奥斯丁执行董事	迈克尔·道格拉斯椅子上,气候推广委员会

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声明草案水生社会人为气候变化的世界

所面临的挑战

成千上万的同行评审研究世界各地的成千上万的科学家有记录的证据对气候影响水生系统已经发生,是广泛的。
多个来源包括美国地球物理联盟、国家科学院来自几十个国家,政府间气候变化专门委员会,4^th美国国家气候评估引用和/或支持成千上万的研究发现,增加大气中温室气体的浓度从化石燃料(即。排放)和森林砍伐正在推动当前的气候变化。
这些变化是不可逆的。没有回去如果我们继续让它们发生。
影响已经发生的范围从强化干旱、热浪、洪水、火灾、风暴的频率和严重程度增加,冰川融化,不稳定的大冰原,海平面上升,海洋酸化和脱氧,改变了物种的分布范围包括入侵物种的扩张,越来越多的人数在脆弱的生态系统,社会和当地和全球经济。
这些事件的前身更加损害渔业、生物多样性和普通社会大众。BOB国际体育
推迟采取行动应对气候变化将会增加的经济、环境和社会后果。
科学预测气候影响在水生系统项目的一个可怕的未来,除非立即采取行动。
我们是在临界点附近。如果人类想避免灾难性的后果对于我们的水生生态系统,控制温室气体排放,封存温室气体和适应气候变化已经是现在。智能、快速运动朝着这些目标给水生生态系统和人类将提供极大的好处,取决于他们。
快速的全球反应是可能的。最近的全球行动,国家对Covid19病毒表明,世界可以快速,有效,如果公众和政府承诺存在大规模行动。

证据:对海洋资源的影响

物种组成的变化、行为、丰度和生物量生产现在发生。
龙虾、鳕鱼、鲭鱼、珊瑚礁鱼类和其他重要的渔业是向极移动,更深的水域或下降。BOB国际体育
沿海生态系统包括红树林、海草温水珊瑚、海藻森林继续下降。
改变物种组成的影响级联通过整个生态系统。
碳排放与全球海洋酸化,影响生物的生存,尤其是贝类。
减少全球海洋溶解氧浓度发生在过去的五年。
气候变化是与营养过剩等压力交互输入,不,小说物种相互作用,进一步抑制海洋生态系统。
全球生产的海洋动物继续减少,物种组成的变化将会增加,除非排放减少。

证据:对淡水资源的影响

淡水生态系统是地球上最威胁之一。
所有的淡水生态系统和渔业的适应能力相对较低的规模的影响气候变化。BOB国际体育
气候变化是改变丰富、捕食动态扩张的入侵物种,物种和小说的增长,招聘物种相互作用导致下降的数量和类群淡水水生生物。
在干旱地区蒸发量增加影响可用淡水的数量和质量对水生生物和人类。
流机制的变化,包括增加洪水,影响本地物种的狭窄范围流需求并提供向量的入侵物种的扩张影响休闲和商业收获的鱼和堵塞水道。这些变化威胁世界经济和产业。
许多植物和动物的地理分布范围已经向南极的高海拔和入侵物种的扩张扩大温暖的栖息地。
时间变化在春季径流等季节性因素或季风季节影响产卵成功导致贫穷的生存。
更高的野火事件影响水生系统通过流域水质更容易受到洪水和减少。
更高的温度和降水径流导致有害藻类大量繁殖。
生物依赖融雪和冰川流正分布。
释放重金属如汞,当前存储在冰川和冻土预计将进一步影响淡水生物。
这些看似不同的和小规模的变化结合创建多个,累计水生物种压力挑战。

证据:影响世界社会依赖水生资源。

需要清洁和充足的水是所有生命形式共享的东西。
BOB国际体育渔业提供优质蛋白不容易被陆地来源。根据联合国粮食和农业组织,鱼占全球动物蛋白消费的17%,渔业和水产养殖直接雇用近6000万人,鱼制品和全球贸易已达到每年1520亿美元,有54%来自发展中国家。
在短期内,新的渔业是出现在一些新成立的无冰地区BOB国际体育;然而,整体渔业捕捞预计将下降有关提BOB国际体育高水质下降和初级生产由于气候变化,与相应的对粮食安全的影响。鱼群的数量每十年重建是目前减少3%和最大捕获潜在的21已经减少4.1%^圣世纪。
气候变化对水生生态系统的影响是影响收入、食品安全、关键资源依赖社区的文化维度和生计。
物种的变化是影响传统渔业从热带到极地地区通过减少鱼类资源,渔业水域、地方性知识的损BOB国际体育失。
气候变化影响化合物的其他实践,比如污染、过度捕捞和沿海发展不可持续。这些组合的影响预计将推动许多小规模渔业和经济体的存在。BOB国际体育
水变暖影响海产品安全全面提升生物体内积累的重金属和毒物和水性的患病率增加病原体影响人类和动物的健康。
旅游业和旅游景点正在影响许多地区依赖当地的生态系统。可持续的潜水,潜水,钓鱼,看海洋哺乳动物和鸟类以及其它娱乐活动和企业依赖维护健康的水生资源。
完整的海岸线,如红树林生态系统和湿地保护海岸免受侵蚀、暴风雨、洪水、提供栖息地和固碳。
完整的河岸生态系统保护河流免受洪水、提供遮荫和栖息地,固碳和储存水在高流量事件。
渔业的影响将受保护的水平限BOB国际体育制了我们国家在未来排放结合河岸和沿海区域,以及渔业管理实践的变化。

所需的反应

我们断言,快速行动是必要大幅度减少释放的温室气体排放;和删除和存储大气中的二氧化碳导致气候变化的人为防止最灾难性的后果对全人类所依赖水生生态系统。

只是相信,气候变化正在发生是不够的。政府、公众、企业、学术界和其他社会必须优先行动制止人为气候变化如果他们想要避免可怕的后果。
我们呼吁迅速转向non-greenhouse气体排放能源,其他产品和服务,不释放温室气体,和研究和政策,支持一个有效过渡,如果上述相当大影响水生系统将放缓。
我们呼吁健全适应措施为脆弱的水生生物提供栖息地;进一步的研究,以便更好地理解潜在影响和手臂自然资源机构的工具来帮助缓解这些影响;数据收集和重要资源如果我们希望帮助水生管理者更好地理解和计划水生生态系统的变化。
做智能,运动减少人为气候变化可能导致先进、新颖的技术;健康的水生生态系统和更高的食品安全和人类福祉。

是时候承认即将需要采取行动应对气候变化。推迟行动,控制温室气体排放是疏忽如果人类想保护世界水产资源和依赖于我们的社会。

声明草案水生世界社会的人为气候变化与同行评议的引用

所面临的挑战

成千上万的同行评审研究世界各地的成千上万的科学家有记录的证据对气候影响水生系统已经发生,是广泛的。¹
多个来源包括美国地球物理联盟,²国家科学院来自几十个国家,³政府间气候变化专门委员会,⁴和4^th美国国家气候评估⁵引用和/或支持成千上万的研究发现增加大气中温室气体的浓度从化石燃料(即。排放)和森林砍伐正在推动当前的气候变化。
这些变化是不可逆的。没有回去如果我们继续让它们发生。⁶
影响已经发生的范围从强化干旱、热浪、洪水、火灾、风暴的频率和严重程度增加,冰川融化,不稳定的大冰原,海平面上升,海洋酸化和脱氧,改变了物种的分布范围包括入侵物种的扩张,越来越多的人数在脆弱的生态系统,社会和当地和全球经济。⁷
这些事件的前身更加损害渔业、生物多样性和普通社会大众。BOB国际体育⁸
推迟采取行动应对气候变化将会增加的经济、环境和社会后果。⁹
科学预测气候影响在水生系统项目的一个可怕的未来,除非立即采取行动。¹⁰
我们是在临界点附近。¹¹如果人类想避免灾难性的后果对于我们的水生生态系统,控制温室气体排放,封存温室气体和适应气候变化已经是现在。智能、快速运动朝着这些目标给水生生态系统和人类将提供极大的好处,取决于他们。
快速的全球反应是可能的。最近的全球行动,国家对Covid19病毒表明,世界可以快速,有效,如果公众和政府承诺存在大规模行动。¹²

证据:对海洋资源的影响

物种组成的变化、行为、丰度和生物量生产现在发生。¹³
龙虾,¹⁴鳕鱼,¹⁵鲭鱼,¹⁶珊瑚礁鱼,¹⁷和其他重要的渔业BOB国际体育¹⁸要么是向极移动,更深的水域或下降¹⁹
沿海生态系统包括红树林、海草^20.温水珊瑚,²¹和海藻森林²²继续下降。
改变物种组成的影响级联通过整个生态系统。²³
碳排放与全球海洋酸化,影响生物的生存,尤其是贝类。²⁴
减少全球海洋溶解氧浓度发生在过去的五年。²⁵
气候变化是与营养过剩等压力交互输入,²⁶不,²⁷和小说物种相互作用²⁸进一步抑制海洋生态系统。
全球生产的海洋动物继续减少,物种组成的变化将会增加,除非排放减少。^29日

证据:对淡水资源的影响

淡水生态系统是地球上最威胁之一。^30.
所有的淡水生态系统和渔业的适应能力相对较低的规模的影响气候变化。BOB国际体育^31日
气候变化是改变丰富、捕食动态扩张的入侵物种,物种和小说的增长,招聘物种相互作用导致下降的数量和类群淡水水生生物。³²
在干旱地区蒸发量增加影响可用淡水的数量和质量对水生生物和人类。³³
流机制的变化,包括增加洪水,影响本地物种的狭窄范围流需求并提供向量的入侵物种的扩张影响休闲和商业收获的鱼和堵塞水道。这些变化威胁世界经济和产业。³⁴
许多植物和动物的地理分布范围已经向南极的高海拔和入侵物种的扩张扩大温暖的栖息地。³⁵
时间变化在春季径流等季节性因素或季风季节影响产卵成功导致贫穷的生存。³⁶
更高的野火事件影响水生系统通过流域水质更容易受到洪水和减少。³⁷
更高的温度和降水径流导致有害藻类大量繁殖。³⁸
生物依赖融雪和冰川流正分布。³⁹
释放重金属如汞,当前存储在冰川和冻土预计将进一步影响淡水生物。⁴⁰
这些看似不同的和小规模的变化结合创建多个,累计水生物种压力挑战。⁴¹

证据:影响世界社会依赖水生资源。

需要清洁和充足的水是所有生命形式共享的东西。
BOB国际体育渔业提供优质蛋白不容易被陆地来源。根据联合国粮食和农业组织,鱼占全球动物蛋白消费的17%,渔业和水产养殖直接雇用近6000万人,鱼制品和全球贸易已达到每年1520亿美元,有54%来自发展中国家。⁴²
在短期内,新的渔业中出现一些新成立的无冰区域BOB国际体育⁴³;然而,整体渔业捕捞预计将下降有关提BOB国际体育高水质下降和初级生产由于气候变化,与相应的对粮食安全的影响。⁴⁴鱼群的数量每十年重建是目前减少3%和最大捕获潜在的21已经减少4.1%^圣世纪。⁴⁵
气候变化对水生生态系统的影响是影响收入、食品安全、关键资源依赖社区的文化维度和生计。⁴⁶
物种的变化是影响传统渔业从热带到极地地区通过减少鱼类资源,渔业水域、地方性知识的损BOB国际体育失。⁴⁷
气候变化影响化合物的其他实践,比如污染、过度捕捞和沿海发展不可持续。这些组合的影响预计将推动许多小规模渔业和经济体的存在。BOB国际体育⁴⁸
水变暖影响海产品安全全面提升生物体内积累的重金属和毒物和水性的患病率增加病原体影响人类和动物的健康。⁴⁹
旅游业和旅游景点正在影响许多地区依赖当地的生态系统。可持续的潜水,潜水,钓鱼,看海洋哺乳动物和鸟类以及其它娱乐活动和企业依赖维护健康的水生资源。⁵⁰
完整的海岸线,如红树林生态系统和湿地保护海岸免受侵蚀、暴风雨、洪水、提供栖息地和固碳。⁵¹
完整的河岸生态系统保护河流免受洪水、提供遮荫和栖息地,固碳和储存水在高流量事件。⁵²
渔业的影响将受保护的水平限BOB国际体育制了我们国家在未来排放结合河岸和沿海区域,以及渔业管理实践的变化。⁵³

所需的反应

我们断言,快速行动是必要大幅度减少释放的温室气体排放;和删除和存储大气中的二氧化碳导致气候变化的人为防止最灾难性的后果对全人类所依赖水生生态系统。

只是相信,气候变化正在发生是不够的。政府、公众、企业、学术界和其他社会必须优先行动制止人为气候变化如果他们想要避免可怕的后果。
我们呼吁迅速转向non-greenhouse气体排放能源,其他产品和服务,不释放温室气体,和研究和政策,支持一个有效过渡,如果上述相当大影响水生系统将放缓。
我们呼吁健全适应措施为脆弱的水生生物提供栖息地;进一步的研究,以便更好地理解潜在影响和手臂自然资源机构的工具来帮助缓解这些影响;数据收集和重要资源如果我们希望帮助水生管理者更好地理解和计划水生生态系统的变化。
做智能,运动减少人为气候变化可能导致先进、新颖的技术;健康的水生生态系统和更高的食品安全和人类福祉。

是时候承认即将需要采取行动应对气候变化。推迟行动,控制温室气体排放是疏忽如果人类想保护世界水产资源和依赖于我们的社会。

引用

¹研究的数量调查人为气候变化对水生系统的影响是巨大的。我们只提供几个例子来证明这句话。最大的报告日期我们熟悉水生系统包括约7000的引用人类引发的气候变化的影响在水生和ice-dependent系统。看到:政府间气候变化专门委员会,2019年:政府间气候变化专门委员会的特别报道,海洋和冰冻圈变化的气候[H.-O。阿宝̈研制特区罗伯茨、诉Masson-Delmotte p .翟m . Tignor e . Poloczanska k . Mintenbeck a Alegría, m·尼科莱a . Okem j .作品罗摩,新墨西哥州韦(eds)]。在出版社。这份报告附带的新闻稿表示从36个国家100多名作者引用7000科学出版物对于这个报告。这些报告有贡献的科学家列表工作。然而,这仅仅是开始的同行评审研究和同行评议编译的研究谈论人为气候变化和气候变化对水生生态系统的影响。别人注意的报告包括:

BOB国际体育渔业》2016。特殊的问题:气候变化和北美淡水鱼。体积41岁的问题7、渔业、41:7,32BOB国际体育5 - 428 DOI: 10.1080 / 03632415.2016.1205860。全部问题的影响气候变化对内陆包含超过90个作者和鱼类超过600引用引用。

联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2013:2013年气候变化:物理科学基础。工作组的贡献我的第五次评估报告政府间气候变化专门委员会(T.F.储料器d .秦G.-K。普拉特纳先生,m . Tignor, j . Boschung艾伦a . Nauels y .夏、诉咳嗽和点米底哥列(eds)]。英国剑桥大学出版社、剑桥和纽约,纽约,美国,1535页。讨论了物理科学证据改变陆地和水生系统引用超过9200篇的科学出版物根据工作小组1简报。

联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2014:2014年气候变化:减缓气候变化的影响。工作组的贡献III的第五次评估报告政府间气候变化专门委员会(Edenhofer, O。,R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.这份报告展示的方法来控制温室气体排放和其他方法来减轻或控制的因素影响着气候变化本身。引用了接近10000的研究。

联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2014:2014年气候变化影响、适应和脆弱性。:全球和行业方面。第二工作组的贡献的第五次评估报告政府间气候变化专门委员会(字段,C.B.、稳压器Barros D.J. Dokken kj马赫,医学博士Mastrandrea,式样Bilir, m . Chatterjee K.L. Ebi Y . o。埃斯特拉达司令部热那亚,b·吉尔马静电的Kissel, A.N. Levy s MacCracken P r。Mastrandrea, L.L.白色(eds)]。英国剑桥大学出版社、剑桥和纽约,纽约,美国,1132页;联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2014:2014年气候变化影响、适应和脆弱性。乙方:区域方面。第二工作组的贡献的第五次评估报告政府间气候变化专门委员会(巴罗斯,稳压器D.J. Dokken, C.B.领域,医学博士Mastrandrea, kj马赫,式样Bilir, m . Chatterjee K.L. Ebi Y . o。埃斯特拉达司令部热那亚,b·吉尔马静电的Kissel, A.N. Levy s MacCracken P r。Mastrandrea, L.L.白色(eds)]。英国剑桥大学出版社、剑桥和纽约,纽约,美国,页688。列举了影响各种系统包括水生和陆地。简报在这些报告:第二工作组简报2014年气候变化影响,适应,他们引用和脆弱性状态12000年的科学研究气候变化;

联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2018:全球变暖的1.5°C。IPCC特别报告对全球变暖的影响1.5°C高于工业化前的水平和相关的全球温室气体排放途径,在加强的背景下,全球应对气候变化的威胁,可持续发展和消除贫困的努力[Masson-Delmotte, V。、p .翟H.-O。Portner, d·罗伯茨,j . Skea公关舒克拉,皮拉尼,w . Moufouma-Okia c .凯旋歌r . Pidcock康纳斯,J.B.R.马修斯周x, y . Chen M.I.戈麦斯,e . Lonnoy, t‧梅科恪列m . Tignor (eds)和t·沃特菲尔德)。在出版社。列举了影响各种系统包括水生和陆地。本文档附带的新闻稿状态报告引用了超过6000个科学引用和结果的贡献全球成千上万的专家和政府的评论家;

USGCRP, 2018:影响、风险和适应在美国:第四个国家气候评估、卷II[Reidmiller,湄,C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 1515 pp. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.列举了影响各种系统包括水生和陆地。在引用文献5600篇,主要是同行评议和数据集。

USGCRP, 2017:气候科学特别报道:第四个国家气候评估,卷我[Wuebbles D.J.,D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6;列举了影响各种系统包括水生和陆地。没有提供数量的引用,但可能类似于USGCRP 2018。

²美国地球物理联盟(AGU)。2019年。现在社会必须解决日益严重的气候危机。立场声明。

³2015年欧洲科学院。声明。面对2015年气候变化关键决策;英国皇家学会和美国。国家科学院。北达科他州气候变化证据和原因。概述从英国皇家学会和美国国家科学院;科学院对G8 + 5个国家。2008年。联合科学院的声明:气候变化。适应和过渡到低碳社会; Academies of Science for the G8+5 Countries. 2007. Joint science academies’ statement on growth and responsibility: Sustainability, energy efficiency and climate protection; Network of African Science Academies (NASAC). 2007. Joint statement by the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) to the G8 on sustainability, energy efficiency and climate change; Interacademy Medical Panel (IAMP). N.D. Statement on the health co-benefits of policies to tackle climate change.

⁴看到引用1。IPCC引用引用气候变化的原因,包括彻底的讨论显示压倒性的证据表明,排放的主要因素在联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会发现,2013;联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2014 b;联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会2018年

⁵看到引用1。USGCRP, 2017年是美国报道,主要讨论气候变化的物质基础。

⁶“由于大型海洋惯性和长寿命的温室气体,主要是二氧化碳,变暖的温室气体排放已经停止后会持续几个世纪。”从柯林斯,M。,R. Knutti, J. Arblaster, J.-L. Dufresne, T. Fichefet, P. Friedlingstein, X. Gao, W.J. Gutowski, T. Johns, G. Krinner, M. Shongwe, C. Tebaldi, A.J. Weaver and M. Wehner, 2013: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

参见联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2019:[H.-O技术总结。阿宝̈研制特区罗伯茨、诉Masson-Delmotte翟p, e . Poloczanska k . Mintenbeck m . Tignor a Alegría, m·尼科莱a . Okem j .作品罗摩,新墨西哥州韦(eds)]。:政府间气候变化专门委员会的特别报道,海洋和冰冻圈变化的气候(H。- o . Pö研制特区罗伯茨诉Masson-Delmotte, p .翟m . Tignor e . Poloczanska k . Mintenbeck a Alegría, m·尼科莱a . Okem j .作品罗摩,新墨西哥州韦(eds)]。在出版社。

联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2018:总结为决策者。全球变暖:1.5°C。IPCC特别报告对全球变暖的影响1.5°C高于工业化前的水平和相关的全球温室气体排放途径,在加强的背景下,全球应对气候变化的威胁,可持续发展和消除贫困的努力(Masson-Delmotte, V。、p .翟H.-O。Portner, d·罗伯茨,j . Skea公关舒克拉,皮拉尼,w . Moufouma-Okia c .凯旋歌r . Pidcock康纳斯,J.B.R.马修斯周x, y . Chen M.I.戈麦斯,e . Lonnoy, t‧梅科恪列m . Tignor (eds)和t·沃特菲尔德)。在出版社。

⁷看到引用包含在参考文献1。影响在这些引用大量的研究文献中找到。

⁸增加对世界上的海洋、相似性和社会开始:

Bindoff, N.L.,W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.

弗莱明,E。,J. Payne, W. Sweet, M. Craghan, J. Haines, J.F. Hart, H. Stiller, and A. Sutton-Grier. 2018. Coastal Effects. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH8

豪厄格-古尔伯格,O。,D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J. Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018: Impacts of 1.5ºC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.

立顿,D。,M. A. Rubenstein, S.R. Weiskopf, S. Carter, J. Peterson, L. Crozier, M. Fogarty, S. Gaichas, K.J.W. Hyde, T.L. Morelli, J. Morisette, H. Moustahfid, R. Muñoz, R. Poudel, M.D. Staudinger, C. Stock, L. Thompson, R. Waples, and J.F. Weltzin, 2018: Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 268–321. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH7

潘兴,抗干扰,R.B. Griffis, E.B. Jewett, C.T. Armstrong, J.F. Bruno, D.S. Busch, A.C. Haynie, S.A. Siedlecki, and D. Tommasi. 2018. Oceans and Marine Resources. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH9

Portner H.-O。,D.M. Karl, P.W. Boyd,W.W.L. Cheung, S.E. Lluch-Cota, Y. Nojiri, D.N. Schmidt, and P.O. Zavialov, 2014: Ocean systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 411-484.

Settele, J。,R. Scholes, R. Betts, S. Bunn, P. Leadley, D. Nepstad, J.T. Overpeck, and M.A. Taboada, 2014: Terrestrial and inland water systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 271-359.

黄,最大功率,I.J. Losada, J.-P. Gattuso, J. Hinkel, A. Khattabi, K.L. McInnes, Y. Saito, and A. Sallenger, 2014: Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 361-409.

⁹联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2018:总结为决策者。全球变暖:1.5°C。IPCC特别报告对全球变暖的影响1.5°C高于工业化前的水平和相关的全球温室气体排放途径,在加强的背景下,全球应对气候变化的威胁,可持续发展和消除贫困的努力(Masson-Delmotte, V。、p .翟H.-O。Portner, d·罗伯茨,j . Skea公关舒克拉,皮拉尼,w . Moufouma-Okia c .凯旋歌r . Pidcock康纳斯,J.B.R.马修斯周x, y . Chen M.I.戈麦斯,e . Lonnoy, t‧梅科恪列m . Tignor (eds)和t·沃特菲尔德)。在出版社。

¹⁰联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2018:总结为决策者。同前。

¹¹联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会,2018:总结为决策者。同前。

¹²一些例子报道:程,v . C . C。,S. C. Wong, J. H. K. Chen, C. C. Y. Yip, V. W. M. Chuang, O. T. Y. Tsang, S. Sridhar, J. F.W. Chan, P. L. Ho, and K.Y. Yuen. 2020. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41:493-498. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.58.

史密斯,n和m·弗雷泽。留言。紧张的系统:新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)和准备伴随的灾害。美国公共卫生杂志》bob手机官方网页版登录0 e1_e2https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305618

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¹³Bindoff, N.L.,W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.

洞穴,m . T。,D. S. Schoeman, A. J. Richardson, J. G. Molinos, A. Hoffmann, L. B. Buckley, P. J. Moore, C. J. Brown, J. F. Bruno, C. M. Duarte, B. S. Halpern, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, C. V. Kappel, W. Kiessling, M. I. O’Connor, J. M. Pandolfi, C. Parmesan, W. J. Sydeman, S. Ferrier, K. J. Williams, and E. S. Poloczanska, 2014: Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature, 507, 492–495. doi:10.1038/nature12976.

Nagelkerken,我。,and S. D. Connell, 2015: Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112 (43), 13272–13277. doi:10.1073/pnas.1510856112.

Poloczanska,大肠。,C. J. Brown, W. J. Sydeman, W. Kiessling, D. S. Schoeman, P. J. Moore, K. Brander, J. F. Bruno, L. B. Buckley, M. T. Burrows, C. M. Duarte, B. S. Halpern, J. Holding, C. V. Kappel, M. I. O’Connor, J. M. Pandolfi, C. Parmesan, F. Schwing, S. A. Thompson, and A. J. Richardson, 2013: Global imprint of climate change on marine life. Nature Climate Change, 3, 919–925. doi:10.1038/nclimate1958.

路边,。,P. D. Steinberg, M. E. Hay, A. G. B. Poore, A. H. Campbell, E. Ballesteros, K. L. Heck, D. J. Booth, M. A. Coleman, D. A. Feary, W. Figueira, T. Langlois, E. M. Marzinelli, T. Mizerek, P. J. Mumby, Y. Nakamura, M. Roughan, E. van Sebille, A. S. Gupta, D. A. Smale, F. Tomas, T. Wernberg, and S. K. Wilson, 2014: The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: Climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1789) doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0846.

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斯科特来临总统	布莱恩•墨菲当选总统	Leanne Roulson 第一副总统

杰西Trushenski 过去的总统	道格拉斯·奥斯丁执行董事	迈克尔·道格拉斯椅子上,气候推广委员会